![]() ![]() For something a bit more original, our Retro Photo Prints and Photo Booth Strips are sure to stand out on any pinboard or scrapbook. Our classic Photo Prints come in different shapes and sizes for you to choose from when you print pictures. When you order photos online, you’ll have the option to pick the photo printing style that you prefer. ![]() Print pictures of your latest adventures or events they couldn’t attend to send in the post – simply choose their address at the checkout when you order photos online! You could even get your Photo Prints sent to your home first to write captions on the back of each one before you send them out. The people closest to you will always be grateful to receive Photo Prints that show them what you’ve been up to. The really special thing about Photo Prints is that you don’t really need a reason to send them to friends and family. With so many high-quality ways to print photos online, your favourite moments need never be forgotten again. Download the Photobox app for Android and iOS here. Now printing photos directly from your phone is easier than ever! Browse your best photos to print online straight from your phone when you're on the go. Create your personal prints online to make a unique photo collage for your wall using your best snaps. When selecting your Photo Prints online, take time to choose the textures and craft the look that is right for you. With a white border as standard and space above and below to customise with a printed or handwritten caption, these glossy Photo Prints bring a touch of vintage to your favourite moments. Our Retro Photo Prints add a vintage touch to anyone’s photos. With our variety of digital photo printing options available, Instagram lovers can even print their best crops with our Square Photo Prints - never let a filter go to waste! Just upload your digital photo, choose your size and whether to add a white border – it couldn’t be simpler.Įnlarge your Photo Print with our cropping tool and choose from a range of sizes printed on high-quality Fujifilm paper, or blow your photo up as a beautiful poster for your wall. We offer easy photo printing with our online service. Printing your photos puts your memories in the palm of your hand, on gorgeous glossy or matte paper. We all have so many photos on our phones, digital cameras or stored in online drives that we never look at. ![]()
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![]() Four sample players are also available, as well as 14 real time effects. It features a whopping 700 royalty free loops, and five virtual synthesizers. It contains many features available in expensive desktop applications. Soundation is another great online DAW that utilizes their own sequencer. Premium users gain access to more plugins which include a compressor, limiter, gate, expander and phaser. ![]() Several free WAMs are available on Amped Studio, but more WAMs are available for download at wam.fm.Īmped Studio is free to use. Its ‘hum’ feature allows you to turn your singing and beatboxing into MIDI data.Īmped Studio features WAMs, which are browser based audio plugins. Amped StudioĪmped Studio is a unique online DAW made for producers to create quickly. Features like video calling and Google Classroom make it a great learning tool for beginners. Powerful collaborative tools make Soundtrap a go-to online DAW for many educators. Of course you can always rent-to-own Auto-Tune Access if you're looking for the real deal on a budget. Soundtrap even comes with an online autotune tool, if you're looking for a very basic way of getting that classic Auto-Tune effect. It’s a perfect introduction to the DAW experience that includes essential features of a typical recording setup. Soundtrap was the first web-based, cross platform collaborative music recording studio to come on the scene. With that out of the way, here's the list of the 6 best online DAWs: 1. Here's a hot tip: If you're looking for an easy way to piece together samples and make beats online try Creator, LANDR's new online sampling tool.Ĭreator time stretches and pitch shifts all the samples for you, so its ridiculously easy to hear how your ideas sound together. Consider using a dedicated music collaboration tool if you work with others who prefer to stay in their DAW of choice.īut an online DAW is always a great place to learn if you're getting started. Plus, switching platforms from your collaborators' main DAW to a new online app will take time and effort. Traditional DAWs still dominate when it comes to stability, flexibility and raw power. If you're looking for a simple way to create music and don't want to bother learning a dedicated production program, an online DAW might be for you.īut despite their advantages, online DAWs come with some challenges and limitations to keep in mind. They're purpose built for collaboration and generally easier to use than full-fledged DAWs. Online DAWs can be used anywhere, on any platform and any type of hardware. ![]() Today, fast internet connections and cloud computing make it possible to run a full DAW completely online. ![]() In the past, technology was so limited that audio processing could only be done natively on a powerful machine. They can be used on a wide variety of devices including smartphones, netbooks, tablets and conventional PCs. ![]() Online DAWs host and process audio files entirely in the cloud and don't rely on your device's hardware to perform their function. What is an online DAW?Īn online DAW is a music recording and sequencing software program that runs in your browser or a web-based mobile app. You can start making music now without commiting to a full fledged DAW. Online DAWs are perfect if you’re wanting to start creating right away. These online music makers provide comparable functionality to traditional DAWs. Luckily, there are creative tools online that allow for instant creation. It might need a certain amount of computing power to operate well. A digital audio workstation is usually a hefty investment. ![]() ![]() ![]() Oh, and jamming during screen scrolls and such is something you might want to.think about.Ĭharacters | Donkey Kong | Jul. The tough part is judging when to climb a ladder and when to wait. As you make the climb, Donkey Kong will be tossing barrels at you so you will have to be quick and jump over them to avoid a game over. It’s cool to just pound on them, but why not listen to the music that’s playing? Press buttons in time to the beat to really get things hopping.įeel the rhythm and increase the power! T-t-take it easy, will ya!ĭK’s invulnerable while in the middle of this move, so take it easy and enjoy the moment. You play the role as mario and you must navigate up the ladders to rescue the princess. That’s right, he’s breaking out the DK Bongos! 2008Īs you might expect from Donkey Kong, his Final Smash is something.upbeat. Of course, no matter which character you play, the rule of aiming for opponents who already have a lot of damage remains the same.īy the way, when lifting someone, your opponent’s damage similarly affects how quickly they can break free, so be careful.Ĭharacters | Donkey Kong | Mar. Keep an eye on the situation and make your own judgments. It’s harder to hit with the Head Butt than it is with the Giant Punch.įor these reasons and others, it’s not exactly easy to land this combo.īut for Donkey Kong, there’s a lot of merit to charging up and then saving the charge for the right moment. ![]() If they’re in the air, you won’t be able to bury them.The amount of damage taken is proportional to the amount of time spent buried.Seriously? Will it always connect? Really? Once you get them with a Head Butt, is the Giant Punch a lock? However, you won’t be able to hit opponents as easy as 1-2-3! Let me use the next special move to illustrate a golden combo for you to work on. It was then I knew I would become a star. If you power it up before you unload it, it’s superstrong.įurthermore, when you attack with a full charge, Donkey Kong won’t flinch when he throws his punch. 2007Ĭome with me! (This isn’t a meteor smash, though.)ĭonkey Kong’s primary special move is the Giant Punch. Don’t doubt his strength or you’ll end up with the ultimate headache!Ĭharacters | Donkey Kong | Jul. Looks like his giant punch is still the haymaker you remember. The original giant powerhouse makes a triumphant return! | List Posts Starting with the Most Recent ![]() ![]() If your macOS version is older than 10.5 Catalina, install an older VMware Fusion version supported by your macOS. In this section, I list the requirements for VMware Fusion 12, the latest version at the time of writing this blog post. ![]() Requirementsīefore proceeding with installing VMware Fusion, check system requirements. ![]() This blog post explains how to install Windows 10 as a guest OS on a macOS virtual machine using VMware Fusion and combine the advantages of both Windows and macOS operating systems. There are three common methods to run Windows on a Mac computer: use Parallels Desktop, install Windows on the Boot Camp partition, or install Windows on a VirtualBox VM or VMware Fusion VM. However, it is possible to do so if Windows is installed on the Mac computer. Mac owners often need to run their favorite Windows applications that are not supported on macOS. So, VMware Fusion and Parallels Desktop are equivalent in their Mac VM support, save for their installation differences.By Michael Bose Installing Windows 10 as a Guest Operating System in VMware Fusion Just note this means you can't back up your Mac VM separately via Time Machine if you don't have a USB drive for that purpose. Because most FireWire and Thunderbolt drives also have USB ports, you can switch buses for that migration, then go back to the speedier bus for everyday operations. And like Parallels Desktop, Fusion doesn't see FireWire or Thunderbolt drives, so once you're running the Mac installer or Lion itself in a VM, you can't use the migration tools that Apple provides for such transfers. Like Parallels Desktop, Fusion can't install Mac OS X from an existing partition, a Time Machine backup, or a disk image. But it shows that Parallels assumed newbie users, whereas VMware assumed more technical Mac users. You need to get it yourself, which is not at all difficult. Ironically, what Fusion won't do is connect you to the Mac App Store to download a fresh copy of the installer, as Parallels Desktop does. That's not the case with Fusion 4.01, which works with the Install Mac OS X Lion.app installer file just as easily as it does with a Windows or Linux. If you've already downloaded the Lion installer image, Parallels makes you jump through arcane hoops to use it. I disliked the difficulty of installing Mac OS X Lion in Parallels Desktop 7 the software assumes you don't have a local copy and thus defaults to re-downloading the whole 4GB image file. Just as Parallels Desktop 6 runs fine on Mac OS X Lion, so does VMware Fusion 3.1 the main reason to upgrade to Fusion 4.01 is to gain the ability to run Mac desktop VMs, a handy feature if you're a Mac developer or tester. Does VMware Fusion 4.01 up the ante in any significant way? Not really. ![]() Both Parallels and Fusion of course run various versions of Windows and Linux, their primary use case.Īs our review of Parallels Desktop 7 noted, there's not much compellingly new to that product since its last update, a year earlier. Prior to Lion, Apple restricted such usage to Mac OS X Server. ![]() In addition to supporting Lion as a host, both take advantage of Apple's change in policy that lets users run the desktop version of Mac OS X Lion in virtual machines. Both have been updated to take advantage of Mac OS X Lion. In the Mac-based desktop virtualization world, there are two significant choices: Parallels Desktop and VMware Fusion. ![]() ![]() ![]() Make sure you backup your wow.exe before applying the fixed exe. Note: Older fixed wow exe’s may not work on Private Servers, as they were ment for retail servers. Go to Properties again and then in the Target field, add. Locate your new Ascension Launcher shortcut and then right click on it. Step 3: Locate your Ascension Launcher.exe file and right click on it to bring up a pop-up menu. ![]() If you continue to get streaming errors for different Blizzard MPQs just continue to download and place them into their respective directories until you are able to get to the login screen without a streaming error. Step 2: Navigate to your Shortcut tab and click on the Open File Location button. Once you place the new downloaded MPQ into the location the original was located you should be able to use the patched exe. If you want to backup your current MPQ you can remove it from its directory before you place the newly downloaded MPQ into its place. > Clicky> Clicky<<Īfter you select the locale find the MPQ that is listed in the streaming error and click on it and it will start to download. I'm assuming you meant Project Ascension, download their launcher Ascension.exe and put it in your wow folder after that download their patch-a.mpq and put it in Data folder, start Ascension. Go to the Html page made by Jh16 and select your locale. Thus WoW is trying to stream data but can’t since the patched exe has “Wow.mfil” disabled. Please check your network connection” Error: (Blizzard MPQs)īasically one or more of your Blizzard MPQs isn’t completed. DocksOther DungeonsThe Necrotic WakePlaguefallMists of Tirna ScitheHalls of AtonementTheater of PainDe Other SideSpires of AscensionSanguine Depths. Right click and delete the WDB folder inside the Cache folder. ![]() ![]() Alternatively, you can clear your Cache manually by: Open your Ascension WoW directory (this is different from the launcher directory). Select the cog wheel icon in the top right. The Azerothica Model Change nude patch changes the female characters in World of Warcraft and that means this is needed for that nude patch to run. Open your Project Ascension WoW Launcher. Part of this quest happens in The Situation in Dalaran, Elwynn Forest, Undercity, Ironforge, Orgrimmar, Thunder Bluff, Darnassus, Silvermoon City, The Exodar. The fixed wow.exe is needed to run any custom patch that makes changes to 3d models. The fixed wow.exe forces wow to open custom patches such as the Azerothica Nude Patch. Our free MMO games list and forums are the. This is Ascencion project GNU/Linux Launcher forum. 5a Client of World of Warcraft and is typically compatible with Addons which work on that version of the client, however, on the Ascension Launcher. Machine Id: : Format(In/Out)=(IMC4,YUY2) Frames(Prev/Fwd/Back)=(0,0,0) Caps=VideoProcess_YUV2RGB VideoProcess_StretchX VideoProcess_StretchY VideoProcess_AlphaBlendĭevice Key: Enum\PCI\VEN_8086 ![]() It presents an examination of possible future trends in the microcomputer mapping software market. The chapter discusses these categories and examples of relevant software packages. Functionality can be categorized broadly under painting, computer assisted drafting (CAD), thematic mapping, geographical information systems (GIS), image processing, contouring, and others. Broadly categorized, it is possible to differentiate between software developed for IBM and microcomputers, APPLE Macintosh microcomputers and others. Products available are differentiated by their operating system requirements and by functionality. It presents a summary of the microcomputer mapping software market. The chapter discusses advances in microcomputing technology as related to mapping software. Given the diversity of available mapping products and the rapid growth of new software, it is infeasible to present a detailed review of the entire mapping software market. It provides an overview of software available for mapping on microcomputers and speculates on market trends. This chapter presents an introduction to the microcomputer mapping software market. New versions of available software continue to be released and new programs continue to be developed. Visit for more details.Cartographic software products are diverse in capability, functionality, price, and quality. In addition to software offerings for Mac and Windows users, Avenza offers value-added data sets, product training and consulting services as well as the PDF Maps app for using geospatial PDF files on iPhones, iPads and iPod Touch devices. is an award-winning, privately held corporation that provides cartographers and GIS professionals with powerful software tools for making better maps. Details are available at More about Avenza Systems Inc.Īvenza Systems Inc. Prices include one year of full maintenance. Academic, floating and volume pricing is also available. MAPublisher 8.4 is available free of charge to all customers with an active MAPublisher maintenance subscription and as a $599 USD upgrade for non-maintenance users. ClueTrust, the ClueTrust lightbulb, Cartographica, the Cartographica logo, and CartoMobile are registered trademarks of ClueTrust. Developed as a set of geospatial tools, MAPublisher leverages the superior graphic design capabilities of Adobe Illustrator for working with GIS data and producing high-quality maps with efficiency. MAPublisher for Adobe Illustrator is powerful map production software for creating cartographic-quality maps from GIS data. More information is available at More about MAPublisher for Adobe Illustrator Their flagship product family, Cartographica, has made geospatial data intuitive. was recently released and is available for a 30-day tryout period. Contents 11.1 Medieval maps and the Mappa Mundi 11.2 Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts 11.3 Majorcan cartographic school and the normal. With a long history of developing high-tech solutions for a number of sectors, ClueTrust products have won recognition and market leadership status over the past two decades. If you’re looking for a native Mac OS mapping software then try Cartographica for Mac OS X. In January 2011, ClueTrust brought interactive GIS and geospatial field data entry to the iPhone and iPad with Cartographica Mobile which is available in the iTunes store for $79.99.ĬlueTrust is a leading developer of GIS software solutions for the Mac OS X and iOS platforms. Academic, and volume pricing is also available. ![]() Cartographica contains an impressive library of import and export tools, integrated projection management, intuitive exploration tools, and powerful analysis tools. ![]() Create graduated colour maps, dot density maps and maps with charts easily using MAP Themes.ĬlueTrust re-launched commercial GIS on the Macintosh in 2009 by releasing Cartographica, a fully Mac OS X native GIS which is available at for $495. ![]() ![]() MAPublisher 8.4 also includes new support for thematic mapping. Users can now seamlessly work with data manipulated in Cartographica in familiar MAP Views, MAP Layers, styles and colours in Adobe Illustrator.” he added. “MAPublisher recognizes geographic information from Cartographica exported Adobe Illustrator files. “We collaborated with ClueTrust to give users more options when working with geospatial data,” said Ted Florence, President of Avenza Systems. Cartographica, produced by ClueTrust®, is a geographic information system (GIS) for Mac OS® that contains geospatial tools to explore, analyze and present data. Toronto, ON, Ma– Avenza Systems Inc., producer of PDF Maps for iOS devices and geospatial plug-ins for Adobe Creative Suite®, including Geographic Imager® for Adobe® Photoshop®, is pleased to announce new support for Cartographica-generated Adobe Illustrator files in MAPublisher 8.4. – Open Cartographica-generated Adobe Illustrator® files using MAPublisher – ![]() ![]() ![]() You can recruit this companion at Aspen during the Little Hell mission in Wasteland 3. Vic Buchanan has the Psychopath and brings Pistols to your party in Wasteland 3. Skills: Melee Combat 8, Armour Modding 7, Toaster Repair 4 Fishlips is hard to get but a worthwhile addition to your party. You can find and recruit Fishlips at the Union Station. Skills: Brawling 9, Leadership 5, Explosives 4, Mechanics 4įishlips has a Scrapper background and Bladed weapons. You can find and recruit Ironclad Cordite at the Old Survivalist Bunker. Ironclad Cordite has a Warlord background. One of the companions in Wasteland 3 is Ironclad Cordite who can be a good addition to your party. Skills: Small Arms 7, Lockpicking 4, Sneaky Shit 4, Melee Combat 2 Scotchmo’s starting attributes are 4-5-6-4-5-2-1. You can find and recruit Scotchmo at the Ranger HQ. With the Hobo background comes Scotchmo and this character brings a shotgun to you. Skills: Sniper Rifles 5, Mechanics 4, Animal Whisperer 3, First Aid 3 ![]() Her starting stats attributes are 4-3-5-2-2-4-3. She can prove to be a highly valuable asset for your party. ![]() You will find her at the Ranger HQ and recruit her. Jodie Bell has a Driver background and brings a sniper rifle to your party. Skills: Small Arms 5, Weapon Modding 3, Barter 2 Survival 2 Her starting stats attributes are 2-3-6-1-4-5-2. You can find Lucia Wesson inside the Marshals’ Station in Downtown Colorado Springs. You can recruit him through the Cornered Rats main mission of Wasteland 3. Lucia Wesson comes with the Gunslinger background. Skills: Automatic Weapons 5, Kiss Ass 3, Sneaky Shit 3 When you recruit Kwon you can an assault rifle. Marshal Kwon is a Peacekeeper who is recruited through the Full House main mission. You resisted temptation and never opened the Mysterious Case. You found all the cassette tapes left around Colorado. You took down a Scorpitron, in proud Ranger tradition. You upgraded your vehicle to the highest level. You amassed a collection that would terrify a toy shop owner. You tamed at least one of every type of animal companion. You brought Billy and Jean all the way to the end of the game. You unlocked all the major room upgrades to Ranger HQ. You uncovered the darkest of conspiracies. You truly earned your toaster repair diploma. You got modded, and can now install cyborg parts. You installed 4 weapon mods on a single weapon. You blew up 6 enemies with a single explosive attack. You liquefied an enemy with energy damage. You killed every living person in Downtown Colorado Springs. You killed 4 enemies at once with a single shotgun attack. You accidentally downed one of your own squad members. You beat the game on the hardest difficulty. You beat the game on the hard difficulty. You beat the game on the normal difficulty The alliance with one of the robots factions is only to facilitate the fight and has no consequences in the future, except that Bulb is not happy about it.You beat the game on the easiest difficulty The mission is simple and has no consequences for the main plot of the game. There are two factions of robots fighting in the mine, one of them is not hostile towards humans and will offer you an alliance, but for the task to be completed according to Bulb's plan, you must destroy all the robots in the mine. In this location, you need to help Bulb clear the mine of fighting robots and find the missing Bulb's dog named Trudy. And then figure out what the hell he means by "Martians!" We need to head to the mine where the distress call originated and locate Bulb. Mission Step: War of the Worlds? Locate the Tellurium Mine and the Distressed Miner. It was hard to understand his exact problem. We received a radio call from a tellurium miner that needs help. Mission War of the Worlds? War of the Worlds Mission You come here to complete mission War of the Worlds?, which you received as a radio broadcast passing nearby Tellurium Mine and Wolfe's Hunt Mission from Ranger HQ Tellurium Mine is located to the northwest of Denver. ![]() ![]() ![]() The only solution I found is to set negative margin (for me -7dp was great). Was not a problem of the AppCompatCheckBox but of the CheckBox itself. The CheckBox and the Text should be above each other. But set gravity to center does not work, too. In a toolbar that has more than three buttons, consider using. The desired layout file must be specified in the tag of the apps Config.xmlfile.How can I remove this? I want it to be completely at the left border or centered. A partial screenshot of the Calendars app on iPhone, highlighted to show the spacing between. Buttonbarenables the EB buttonbar layouts to input data. I set gravity to left/start paddding and margin to 0 but the gap still exists. I am having a bit of an issue with the spacing of my RadioButtons in my RadioGroup. Padding( padding: EdgeInsets.only(right: 20. There is a small gap between the Box and the left border. Usually we create menu button manually in android but in flutter we create menu. The problem is the padding or margin or gravity is not the way I want it to be.
![]() ![]() You must have stood in a queue while submitting your assignments to your teacher or in a voting line. Preorder, Postorder, and Inorder are used in Binary Tree Transversals.In Preorder, Postorder, Inorder conversions.It is used widely in computer science for recursive function calls. Recursion is the process in which a function calls itself.When we come across a closing parenthesis, we pop the opening one from the stack. Opening parentheses are pushed in the stack.All the Elements are first pushed onto the stack and then popped.All the operations are performed on topIndex only thus, time complexity is O(1) for all methods. All of these take O(1) time only.Īll the methods execute the constant number of statements. In size() method there is only one arithmetic operation, so it is also performed in O(1) time and in the empty() method there's evaluation of a boolean expression. Peek() is nothing but the headNode.value in LinkedList and data in the array which can also be performed in O(1) time complexity. ![]() Whereas, in the case of ArrayStack we set the element at topIndex to be null and decrement the topIndex value, which is also performed in O(1) time. Removing the node of LinkedList and decrementing the topIndex is done in O(1) time complexity. Incrementing topIndex variable is also O(1). Time complexity for the addition of elements in array at a particular index is O(1) as well as for creating a node and attaching it to a LinkedList is also O(1). Public static final int CAPACITY = 1000 // default array capacity private int topIndex // index of the top element in stack private E data // generic array used for storage public ArrayStack () ![]() Identically, the pop() method also throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty or removes the top element, returns its value, and decreases topIndex by 1. If the stack is empty, it throws EmptyStackException. The peek() method returns the topmost element in the stack i.e data. If it is full it throws an Exception else it simply adds an element to the stack and increment the topIndex by 1. The push() method first checks if the stack is full. The empty() method checks if the topIndex is at -1 which implies, the stack is empty. The size() method returns the size of the stack i.e. We initialize the data array and topIndex in the constructor method. Default Array capacity is 1000 for the stack where capacity is not mentioned. There are two constructor methods, one with capacity customed by the user and the other default. We declare an array named data to store the values and topIndex to keep track of the top element. We can make a stack of String datatype, of Integer datatype, or Character datatype. ![]() It enables the user to use any data type. We name our class as ArrayStack as we are using Array to store our data.Į in Angular brackets () makes our class Generic. It will have the same functionality as we saw in the above examples. We are implementing our own stack using class and methods. Implementation of Stack Using Array in Java These operations are also performed using stacks. You must have also observed the Back and Forward buttons on browsers. When you make changes, it pushes changes onto the stack. When you undo something, it pops the most recent action. One such application is the undo mechanism in text editors. No element can be retrieved, removed, or added from the middle of the stack. Likely, elements can be added to the stack at the top, and they can be seen or removed from the top. We cannot add or remove a plate at the middle of the stack. So, when we need a plate, we take (pop) from the top of the stack, and when we want to add a plate, we put (push) it at the top as well. The name “stack” is derived from a stack of plates. Implementation of Stack and Queue using Array as well as LinkedList.Ī stack is a collection of objects that are inserted and removed in a LIFO(Last In First Out) fashion.Introduction to Stack and Queue data Structures in detail and their differences.Stack and Queue both are Linear Data Structures. They are used to store the same type of data and retrieve the data in a specific order. Stack and Queue are fundamental data structures in Java Collections Framework. ![]() ![]() ![]() Study of the wire drawing process done on industrial machinery was reported by Qi et al. It is seen that with increasing vibration amplitude there was a progressive lowering of both yield stress and tensile strength compared to conventional wire drawing. The study focused on measuring the effects of die amplitude, A = 5, 15, 20 μm (0– P) on the yield stress and tensile strength of the drawn wire as shown in Figure 15.16b. Of particular, interest was that the longitudinal modes of the wire itself were accounted for, including use of “reflectors” to keep the wire vibration in control within the draw region. The vibration modes along the system are shown by the waves B, C, and D. Experiments were conducted using equipment shown in Figure 15.16a, where the wire is drawn through the body of transducer–waveguide system (6–11). A determination of the draw force incorporated several factors, including a Coulomb-type friction, the static flow behavior, and a materials model based on the von Mises yield criterion. (2005), as applied to steel ball bearing wire. These results were also extended and reported by Siegert and Ulmer (2001).Ī theoretical analysis of the ultrasonic wire drawing process was done by Susan et al. Using arrangement Figure 15.12a, a number of benefits were reported in drawing Cu58, including improved surface finish and up to 33% reduction in draw force, with significant reductions in friction. In Figure 15.12c, radial vibrations of the die are created by three transducers (nozzles), while in Figure 15.12d, a combination of Figure 15.12a and b is shown. Thus, in Figure 15.12a, longitudinal vibrations are applied to the mandrel (also called the “plug”) in Figure 15.12b, radial vibrations of the die are shown. In the same paper, tube drawing was covered, with several process arrangements shown in Figure 15.12. As noted in other studies, as wire speeds were increased, force reductions diminished. Results for drawing titanium wire with longitudinal die oscillations gave force reductions of 18% at draw speeds of 200 mm/s along with improved surface finish. Following an overview of prior work in ultrasonic wire and tube drawing, Siegert and Ulmer (2000) reviewed four methods of ultrasonically vibrating the wire die. ![]() |
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